Endnotes

[1] CPS Policy Handbook § 2200. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[2] DFPS Texas Abuse Hotline website. Available online at https://www.txabusehotline.org/Login/Default.aspx. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[3] Interstate Compact on Placement of Children. Available online at https://aphsa.org/AAICPC/default.aspx. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[4] CPS Policy Handbook § 6610. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6600.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[5] In the Interest of A.L.M.-F., A.M., J.A.-F., N.A.-F., and E.A.-F., No.170603

[6] Key W. Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Ins., 350 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. 1961) (defining “trial de novo” and describing its attributes); Lone Star Gas Co. v. State, 153 S.W.2d 681, 692 (Tex. 1941) (a trial de novo ordinarily requires the court to conduct a “full civil trial on the facts as well as the law” where the parties will “try the case as if the suit had been filed originally in that court”).

[7] In re A.L.M.-F No 170603 at 8.

[8] CPS Policy Handbook § 6251. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6200.asp#CPS_6251. Last visited on September 28, 2023.

[9] HHS Ombudsman Foster Care Help webpage. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/about-hhs/your-rights/ombudsman-foster-care-help. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[10] A Guide for Those “Aging Out” of Foster Care in Texas. Available online at http://texasfosteryouth.org/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[11] Extended Court Jurisdiction Flowchart. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/documents/Extended_Court_Jurisdiction_Flow_Chart.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[12] DFPS Transitional Living Services Handout. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/documents/Transitional_Living_Services_Handout.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[13] 2022 DFPS Case Law Update. Available online at http://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/85035/2022-advanced-family-law-termination-case-law-update.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[14] CPS Policy Handbook § 5230. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_5200.asp#CPS_5230. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[15] CPS Policy Handbook § 5233.33. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_5200.asp#CPS_5233_33. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[16] CPS Policy Handbook § 6715. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_6700.asp#CPS_6715. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[17] CPS Policy Handbook § 6715.1. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_6700.asp#CPS_6715. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[18] CPS Policy Handbook § 2232. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp#CPS_2233. Last visited September 28, 2023. DFPS Forensic Assessment Center Network (FACN) Resource Guide online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/FACN_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited on September 28, 2023.

[19] CPS Policy Handbook § 2232.5. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp#CPS_2233_5/ Last visited on September 28, 2023.

[20] “Incapacitated person” means (1) a minor; (2) an adult who, because of a physical or mental condition, is substantially unable to: (A) provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself; (B) care for the person's own physical health; or (C) manage the person's own financial affairs; or; (3) a person who must have a guardian appointed for the person to receive funds due the person from a governmental source. Tex. Est. Code § 1002.017.

[21] Department of Family & Protective Services Supervised Independent Living. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/supervised_independent_living.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[22] CPS Policy Handbook § 10421. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10421. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[23] Types of Supervised Independent Living Settings. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/SIL_setting_types.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[24] CPS Policy Handbook § 10400. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10400. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[25] Extended Court Jurisdiction Flowchart. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/documents/Extended_Court_Jurisdiction_Flow_Chart.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[26] Extended Foster Care Resource Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/Extended_Foster_Care_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[27] DFPS Extended Foster Care Webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/default.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[28] Supervised Independent Living. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/supervised_independent_living.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[29] Transitional Living Services Handout. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/documents/Transitional_Living_Services_Handout.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[30] Texas Foster Youth Justice Project Legal Resources for Youth Aging out of Foster Care. Available online at http://texasfosteryouth.org/legal-resources/legal-resources-for-youth/aging-out-of-foster-care/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[31] Texas Center for the Judiciary website. Available online at https://www.yourhonor.com/online. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[32] Ex parte Daniels, 722 S.W.2d 707, 708 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).

[33] Ex parte Duncan, 182 S.W. 313, 314 (Tex. Crim. App. 1916); Cooke v. United States, 45 Sup. Ct. 390, 394 (1925); Ex parte Flournoy, 312 S.W.2d 488, 492 (Tex. 1958); Tex. Gov't Code § 21.002(d).

[34] Ex parte Knable, 818 S.W.2d 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

[35] Ex parte Cardwell, 416 S.W.2d 382, 384 (Tex. 1967); Hicks on Behalf of Feiock v. Feiock, 108 Sup. Ct. 1423, 1429 (1998).

[36] Ex parte Chambers, 898 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex. 1995) rehearing overruled.

[37] In re Rowe, 113 S.W.3d 749, 752 (Tex. App.—Austin, 2003, no writ); In re R.E.D., 278 S.W.3d 850, 856 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist] 2009, no writ).

[38] Ex parte Conway, 419 S.W.2d 827, 828 (Tex. 1967).

[39] In re Oliver, 68 Sup. Ct. 499, 507 (1948); Ex parte Martin, 656 S.W.2d 443, 445 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).

[40] Ex parte Vetterick, 744 S.W.2d 598,599 (Tex.1988); Tex. Fam. Code § 157.062.

[41] Ex parte Gunther, 758 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1988); Tex. Fam. Code § 157.163(b).

[42] Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. 454, 95 S. Ct. 2178, 2190 (1975); Ex Parte Werblud, 536 S.W.2d 542, 546 (Tex. 1976).

[43] Ex parte Griffin, 682 S.W.2d 261, 262 (Tex. 1984).

[44] Chambers, 898 S.W.2d at 261; In re Lausch, 177 S.W.3d 144, 155 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

[45] Ex parte Johns, 807 S.W.2d 768, 771, (Tex. App.—Dallas, 1991, no pet.).

[46] Ex parte Landry, 144 S.W. 962, 963 (Tex. Crim. App. 1912); Hicks, 108 Sup. Ct. at 1430; Chambers, 898 S.W.2d at 259; R.E.D., 278 S.W.3d at 860.

[47] Travelhost v. Blandford, 68 F.3d 958, 961 (5th Cir. 1995).

[48] Alberti v. Klevenhagen, 610 F. Supp. 138, 141 (S.D. Texas 1985); See also Ruiz v. McCotter, 661 F. Supp. 112, 116 (S.D. Texas 1986).

[49] Green v. U.S., 78 S. Ct. 632, 644.

[50] Muniz, 95 S. Ct. at 2190.

[51] Werblud, 536 S.W.2d at 546.

[52] Griffin, 682 S.W.2d at 262.

[53] Ex parte York, 899 S.W.2d 47, 49 (Tex. App.—Waco 1995, no writ).

[54] In re Brown, 114 S.W.3d 7, 11 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no writ) (citing Werblud, 536 S.W.2d at 546).

[55] In re Alexander, 243 S.W.3d 822, 825 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no writ).

[56] Ex parte Shacklee, 939 S.W. 2d 144, 145 (Tex. 1997).

[57] In re Nesevitch, 93 S.W. 3d 510, 513 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no writ).

[58] Ex parte Calvillo Amaya, 748 S.W.2d 224, 225 (Tex. 1988); Ex parte Whitehead, 908 S.W.2d 68, 70 (Tex. App – Houston [1st Dist] 1995, no writ).

[59] Ex parte Mitchell, 738 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1989, no writ).

[60] Ex parte Proctor, 398 S.W.2d 917, 918 (Tex. 1966).

[61] Ex parte Whitehead 908 S.W. 2d at 70; Ex parte Supercinski, 561 S.W.2d 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).

[62] A Guide for the Legal Community: The Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018. Available online at https://familyfirstact.org/resources/guide-legal-community-family-first-prevention-services-act-2018. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[63] Bureau of Indian Affairs, Guidelines for State Courts and Agencies in Indian Child Custody Proceedings, 81 Fed. Reg. 96476 (Dec. 2016). Available online at https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/pdf/idc2-056831.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[64] Guidelines at D.1.

[65] Guidelines at D.7.

[66] Guidelines at I.4.

[67] Guidelines at L.4.

[68] Guidelines at B.5.

[69] Bureau of Indian Affairs ICWA Designated Agents Listing webpage. Available online at https://www.bia.gov/bia/ois/dhs/icwa/agents-listing/. Last September 28, 2023.

[70] Guidelines at B.7.

[71] Guidelines at B.2.

[72] Guidelines at B.7.

[73] Guidelines at B.1.

[74] Guidelines at C.3.

[75] Guidelines at A.3.

[76] Guidelines at D.8.

[77] Guidelines at F.2.

[78] Guidelines at F.4.

[79] Guidelines at J.5.

[80] Guidelines at H.2.

[81] Guidelines at G.1.

[82] Guidelines at E.1 through E.5.

[83] Guidelines at C.8.

[84] Guidelines at I.3.

[85] U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Quick Reference Sheet for State Court Personnel. Available online at https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/ois/pdf/idc2-041404.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[86] National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Indian Child Welfare Act Judicial Benchbook. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/indian-child-welfare-act-judicial-benchbook/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[87] Children's Commission website. 2021 Texas Indian Child Welfare Act Summit. Available online at http://texaschildrenscommission.gov/project-2021-icwa-summit/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[88] ICPC regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/OE/AAICPC/ICPC_Regulations.aspx. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[89] CPS ICPC Policy. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_4500.asp#CPS_4500 and https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Menu/MenuCPS9000.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[90] CPS ICPC Policy. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_4500.asp#CPS_4513_1. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[91] The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children: A Manual and Instructional Guide for Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/the-interstate-compact-on-the-placement-of-children-a-manual-and-instructional-guide-for-juvenile-and-family-court-judges/. September 28, 2023.

[92] American Public Human Services Association Explanation of ICPC Regulation VII (October 2011). Available online at https://aphsa.org/AAICPC/AAICPC/ICPC_Publications_and_Papers.aspx. See further American Public Human Services Association ICPC Regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/OE/AAICPC/ICPC_Regulations.aspx. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[93] ICPC Regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/OE/AAICPC/ICPC_Regulations.aspx. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[94] The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children: A Manual and Instructional Guide for Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/the-interstate-compact-on-the-placement-of-children-a-manual-and-instructional-guide-for-juvenile-and-family-court-judges/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[95] Vivek Sankaran, Foster Kids in Limbo: The Effects of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children on the Permanency of Children in Foster Care (2014). Available online at https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2921&context=articles. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[96] Child Welfare Information Gateway, Legal and Court Issues Regarding Interjurisdictional Placements. Available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/permanency/interjurisdictional/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[97] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition). Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[98] Community First Choice programs overview. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs/community-first-choice. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[99] Inpatient admissions to acute care hospitals for psychiatric conditions are a benefit of Texas Medicaid for all ages. Federal statute prohibits Medicaid funding for services delivered to Medicaid members ages 21-64 while residing in an IMD. As allowed by 42 C.F.R. § 438.6(e), the STAR Health MCO may provide inpatient mental health services in an IMD up to 15 days per month for members who are 21-64, in lieu of an acute care hospital.

[100] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/documents/STAR_Health_PMUR_ English.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[101] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Id. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[102] HHSC Medical Transportation Program webpage. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/medicaid-chip-members/medical-transportation-program#:~:text=Nonemergency%20medical%20transportation%20services%20are,transportation%2C%20like%20the%20city%20bus. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[103] DFPS Star Health webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/default.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[104] Superior HealthPlan STAR Health website. Available online at https://www.fostercaretx.com/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[105] Disability Rights Texas website. Available online at https://www.disabilityrightstx.org/en/home/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[106] EveryChild Inc. website. Available online at www.everychildtexas.org. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[107] HHS Disability webpage. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/disability. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[108] HHS Home and Community-Based Services webpage. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/providers/long-term-care-providers/home-community-based-services-hcs . Last visited September 28, 2023.

[109] Texas Mental Health and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Law Bench Book. Available online at http://texasjcmh.gov/publications/bench-books/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[110] Texas Health and Human Services Contact HHS webpage. Available online at https://apps.hhs.texas.gov/contact/search.cfm. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[111] Navigate Life Texas. Available online at https://www.navigatelifetexas.org. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[112] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition) at page 7. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[113] Id. at page 5.

[114] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition). Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[115] DFPS Medical Consent Training for Caregivers webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Training/Medical_Consent/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[116] DFPS Psychotropic Medication Training webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Training/Psychotropic_Medication/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[117] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition) at page 8. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[118] Department of Family and Protective Services, Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) Assessment (CANS). Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/CANS_Assessment.asp. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[119] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/documents/STAR_Health_PMUR_English.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[120] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/documents/STAR_Health_PMUR_English.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[121] Texas Health and Human Services Update on the Use of Psychotropic Medications for Children in Texas Foster Care: Fiscal Years 2002-2021 Data Report at 3-4. Available online at www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/update-psychotropic-medications-children-texas-foster-care-fy2002-2021.pdf . Last visited September 28, 2023.

[122] Texas Health and Human Services Update on the Use of Psychotropic Medications for Children in Texas Foster Care: Fiscal Years 2002-2021 Data Report at 16. Available online at www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/update-psychotropic-medications-children-texas-foster-care-fy2002-2021.pdf . Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[125] Maxwell, Jane Carlisle, Ph.D. Drug Trends in Texas 2021: A Report to the National Drug Early Warning System, 2021. Available online at https://socialwork.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/texas-drug-trends-2021.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[126] Maxwell, Jane Carlisle, Ph.D. Drug Early Warning System (NDEWS) State of Texas Drug Use Patterns and Trends, 2019. Available online at https://socialwork.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Texas-Substance-abuse-trends-2019.pdf Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[148] Texas Health and Human Services. Mental Health and Substance Use webpage. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use. Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[162] Trauma Informed Care Final Report, Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute (July 2017). Available online at http://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/83503/trauma-informed-care-final-report.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[163] Buffington, K., Dierkhising, C. B., & Marsh, S. C. (2010). Ten Things Every Juvenile Court Judge Should Know About Trauma and Delinquency. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/trauma-bulletin_0.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[177] Federal law references the Local Education Agency (LEA). This term is synonymous with the school district or open-enrollment charter school. In Texas, the state education agency (SEA) is the Texas Education Agency.

[178] U.S Departments of Education and Health & Human Serv., Admin. for Children & Families (2014) joint letter regarding coordination between local education and child welfare agencies. Available online at http://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/ed/foster-care/fostering-connections-letter.doc. Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[193] See further, 19 Tex. Admin. Code § 74.1025.

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[196] Social Security Act § 477. Available online at http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title04/0477.htm. Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[226] Texas Council on Family Violence Personalized Safety Plan. Available online at https://tcfv.org/wp-content/uploads/tcfv_personalized_safetyplan_2021.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[227] Section 3 of Violence Against Women Act, 34 USC §12291(b)(2); Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) universal grant conditions on confidentiality 42 USC 10401 et seq.; and Texas Family Code Chapter 93.

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[238] NCJFCJ Domestic Child Sex Trafficking Series website. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/domestic-child-sex-trafficking-series/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[239] NCJFCJ National Judicial Institute on Domestic Child Sex Trafficking Online Resources webpage. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/child-welfare-and-juvenile-law/domestic-child-sex-trafficking/national-judicial-institute-on-domestic-child-sex-trafficking/national-judicial-institute-on-domestic-child-sex-trafficking-online-resources/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[243] Office of the Texas Attorney General Human Trafficking webpage. Available online at https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/initiatives/human-trafficking. Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[245] Polaris Project. Human Trafficking webpage. Available online at https://polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/. Last visited September 28, 2023.

[246] See Tex. Fam. Code § 264.154.

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[254] Experiences of LGBTQ+ Youth in Child Welfare Systems. Available online at https://youth.gov/youth-topics/lgbtq-youth/child-welfare. Last visited on September 28, 2023.

[255] DFPS FY 2022 Disproportionality and Disparity Analysis. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/About_DFPS/Reports_and_Presentations/Rider_Reports/documents/2022/2022-09-30_Rider_33_Report.pdf . Last visited on September 28, 2023.

[256] DFPS Disproportionality webpage. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Disproportionality/default.asp. Last visited on September 28, 2023.

[257] Id.

[258] Race Equity and Inclusion Action Guide: 7 Steps to Advance and Embed Race Equity and Inclusion within Your Organization. The Annie E. Casey Foundation. Available online at http://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/AECF_EmbracingEquity7Steps-2014.pdf#page=5. Last visited on September 28, 2023.

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[262] Addressing Bias in Delinquency and Child Welfare Systems. NCJFCJ Bench Card at page 2. Available Online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Addressing-Bias-Bench-Card-1-1.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2023.

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[267] The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity. The Ohio State University. Making Sense of Your IAT Results. Available online at https://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/iat-results.pdf. Last visited on September 28, 2023.

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